Enlisting the Truth of Damnation: the Rhetoric of Wulfstan’s Lifelong Engagement with Eschatology
Parole chiave:
Escatologia, Wulfstan, Lista allitteranteAbstract
Intorno all'anno 1000, l'Inghilterra attraversa una crisi tale da alimentare quasi sicuramente le ansie apocalittiche. Questa preoccupazione diventa evidente negli scritti di tanti predicatori vernacolari, e gioca un ruolo chiave nei sermoni escatologici dell'Arcivescovo Wulfstan. Concentrandosi sul suo uso della lista dei peccatori, questo articolo illustra l'evoluzione dell'escatologia di Wulfstan durante la sua carriera, escatologia che da convinzione ideologica diventa strumento retorico. In particolare, intendo concentrarmi su come il catalogo allitterante, che appare per la prima volta in De Fide Catholica (Bethurum no. 7, p. 163 e vv. 128-34), viene poi rielaborato non solo nella versione più lunga del Sermo Lupi ad Anglos (Bethurum no. 20, p. 273 e vv. 161-6) ma anche negli scritti legali e politici di Wulfstan (nel qual caso la lista descrive i peccatori terreni, cioè i criminali veri e propri). Il modo in cui il catalogo viene riformulato segnala un cambiamento nel tono escatologico di Wulfstan, che è sempre presente ma perde la sua immediatezza con il passare degli anni, con l’avanzare della sua carriera e con lo scemare delle invasioni vichinghe.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Primary sources
Bethurum, Dorothy (ed.). 1957. The Homilies of Wulfstan. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Clayton, Mary (ed and trans.). 2013. Two Ælfric Texts. The Twelve Abuses and the Vices and Virtues. Cambridge: Brewer (Anglo- Saxon Texts, 11).
Clemoes, Peter (ed.). 1997. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies. The First Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Early English Text Society, s.s. 17).
Godden, Malcolm (ed.). 1979. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies. The Second Series, Text. London: Oxford University Press (Early English Text Society, s.s. 5).
Green, William M. (ed.). 1970. Augustinus: Contra Academicos. De Beata Vita. De Ordine. De Magistro. De Libero Arbitrio. Turnhout: Brepols (Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, 29).
Irvine, Susan (ed.). 2004. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a Collaborative Edition 7. MS E. Cambridge: Brewer.
Krapp, George P., Dobbie, Van Kirk E. (eds.). 1936. The Exeter Book. New York: Columbia University Press; London: George Routledge & Sons (Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, 3).
Malone, Kemp (ed.). 1963. The Nowell Codex (British Museum Cotton Vitellius A. XV, Second Manuscript). Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger (Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile, 12).
Migne, Jacques-Paul (ed.). 1857. Patrologiae Cursus Completu. Patrologiae Latina Tomus LXXVI (2): Moralium Libri sive Expositio in Librum B. Job, Homiliæ XL in Ezechielem. Paris: Apud Garnier Fratres.
Napier, Arthur (Hrsg.). 1883. Wulfstan: Sammlung der ihm Zugeschriebenen Homilien nebst Untersuchungen über ihre Echtheit. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung (Sammlung Englischer Denkmäler in Kritischen Ausgaben, 4).
Plummer, Charles (ed.). 1896. Opera Historica: Epistola Bedae ad Ecgbertum Episcopum V. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Rabin, Andrew (ed. and trans.). 2015. The Political Writings of Archbishop Wulfstan of York. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Rabin, Andrew. 2020a. Old English Legal Writings: Wulfstan. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
Sauer, Hans (Hrsg.). 1978. Theodulfi Capitula in England. Die Altenglischen Übersetzungen, zusammen mit dem Lateinischen Text. Munich: Wilhelm Fink.
Swanton, Michael (trans). [1996] 2000. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. London: Phoenix.
Whitelock, Dorothy (ed.). [1939] 1976. Sermo Lupi ad Anglos. Exeter: Exeter University Press.
Whitelock, Dorothy (trans.). [1955] 1979. “The Sermon of the Wolf to the English”. In: D. Whitelock, English Historical Documents, vol. 1, c. 500-1042. London: Routledge, 996-1002.
Secondary sources
Ammon, Matthias. 2013. “Ge mid wedde ge mid aðe: The Functions of Oath and Pledge in Anglo-Saxon Legal Culture”. Historical Research 86/233, 515-535.
Barney, Stephen A. 1982. “Chaucer’s Lists”. In: Larry D. Benson, Siegfried Wenzel (eds.). The Wisdom of Poetry: Essays in Early English Literature in Honour of Morton W. Bloomfield. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 189-223.
Barrow, Julia. 2009. “The Ideology of the Tenth-Century English Benedictine Reform”. In: Patricia Skinner (ed.). Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History. The Legacy of Thimoty Reuter. Turnhout: Brepols, 141-154.
Barton, Roman A. et al. (eds.). 2022. Forms of List-Making. Epistemic, Literary, and Visual Enumeration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Baxter, Stephen. 2004. “Archbishop Wulfstan and the Administration of God’s Property”. In: Matthew Townend, Wulfstan, 161-206.
Belknap, Robert E. 2000. “The Literary List: A Survey of its Uses and Deployments”. Literary Imagination: The Review of the Association of Literary Scholars and Critics 2/1, 35-54.
Belknap, Robert E. 2004. The List: The Uses and Pleasures of Cataloguing. New Heaven, CT, Yale University Press.
Bethurum, Dorothy. 1966. “Wulfstan”. In: Eric G. Stanley (ed.). Continuations and Beginnings: Studies in Old English Literature. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ldt., 210-246.
Bethurum Loomis, Dorothy. 1971. “Regnum and Sacerdotium in the Early Eleventh Century”. In: Peter Clemoes, Kathleen Hughes (eds.). England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 129-146.
Bloomfield, Morton W. 1952. The Seven Deadly Sins. An Introduction to the History of a Religious Concept, with Special Reference to Medieval English Literature. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
Bolton, Timothy. 2017. Cnut the Great. New Heaven, CT: Yale University Press.
Brink, Stephen. 2008. “Who Were the Vikings?” In: Stephen Brink, Neil Price (eds.). The Viking World. London/New York: Routledge, 4-7.
Caie, Graham D. 1998. “Infanticide in an Eleventh-Century Old English Homily”. Notes and Queries 45/3, 274-275.
Callander, David. 2019. Dissonant Neighbours: Narrative Progress in Early Welsh and English Poetry. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Carruthers, Mary J. 2008. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cerquiglini, Bernard. 1989. Éloge de la Variante: Histoire Critique de la Philologie. Paris: Seuil.
Chapman, Don W. 2002. “Germanic Tradition and Latin Learning in Wulfstan’s Echoic Compounds”. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 101/1, 1-18.
Coleman, Julie. 2001. “Lexicology and Medieval Prostitution”. In Christian Kay, Louise Sylvester (eds.). Lexis and Texts in Early English. Amsterdam-Atalanta: Rodopi, 69-87.
Cowen, Alice. 2004. “Byrstas and Bysmeras: The Wounds of Sin in the Sermo Lupi ad Anglos”. In: Matthew Townend, Wulfstan, 397-411.
Crick, Julia, van Houts, Elisabeth (eds). 2011. Social History of England, 900-1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cubitt, Catherine. 1997. “The Tenth-Century Benedictine Reform in England”. Early Medieval Europe 6/1, 77-94.
Cubitt, Catherine. 2015. “Apocalyptic and Eschatological Thought in England around the Year 1000”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 25, 27-52.
Cubitt, Catherine. 2017. “On Living in the Time of Tribulation. Archbishop Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi ad Anglos and its Eschatological Context.” In: Rory Naismith, David A. Woodman (eds.). Writing, Kingship and Power in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 202-233.
Darby, Peter. 2012. Bede and the End of Time. Farnham: Ashgate.
Davis-Secord, Jonathan 2008. “Rhetoric and Politics in Archbishop Wulfstan’s Old English Homilies”. Anglia 126, 65-96.
Davis-Secord, Jonathan. 2016. Joinings: Compound words in Old English Literature. Toronto: Toronto University Press.
Di Giuseppe, Federica. 2022. “Gelome understandan þone mycclan dom, þe we ealle to scylon: The Eschatological Dimension of Wulfstan’s Ordered Society”. In: Elena Di Venosa, Gabriele Pelizzari (eds.). Endzeitvorstellungen. Die Interkulturalität des apokalyptischen Mythos im lateinischen und germanischen Mittelalter. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 247-264.
Di Sciacca, Claudia. 2008. Finding the Right Words. Isidore’s Synonyma in Anglo-Saxon England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Dumistrescu, Irina. 2018. The Experience of Education in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dunn, Marilyn. 2003. The Emergence of Monasticism. From the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Eco, Umberto. 2009. Vertigine della Lista. Milan: Bompiani.
Emmerson, Richard K., McGinn, Bernard (eds.). 1992. The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press.
Foxhall Forbes, Helen. 2013. Heaven and Earth in Anglo-Saxon England. Theology and Society in an Age of Faith. Farnham: Ashgate.
Gatch, Milton. 1977. Preaching and Theology in Anglo-Saxon England. Ælfric and Wulfstan. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Gatch, Milton. 2000. Eschatology and Christian Nature. Themes in Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Religious Life. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Gates, Jay P. 2015. “Preaching, Politics and Episcopal Reform in Wulfstan’s Early Writings”. Early Medieval Europe 23 (1), 93-116.
Godden, Malcom. 1994. “Apocalypse and Invasion in Late Anglo-Saxon England”. In: Malcom Godden et al., From Anglo-Saxon to Early Middle English. Studies Presented to E.G. Stanley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 130-162.
Godden, Malcom. 1997. “Old English Composite Homilies from Winchester”. Anglo-Saxon England 4, 57-65.
Godden, Malcom. 2003. “The Millennium, Time, and History for the Anglo-Saxons”. In: Richard Landes et al. (eds.). The Apocalyptic Year 1000: Religious Expectation and Social Change, 950-1050. New York: Oxford University Press, 155-180.
Goody, Jack. 1977. The Domestication of the Savage Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Greenfield, Kathleen. 1981. “Changing Emphases in English Vernacular Homiletic Literature, 960-1225”. Journal of Medieval History 7, 283-297.
Hadley, Dawn M., Richards, Julian D. (eds.). 2000. Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Turnhout: Brepols.
Hadley, Dawn M. 2006. The Vikings in England: Settlement, Society and Culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Hall, Thomas N. 2004. “Wulfstan’s Latin Sermons”. In: Matthew Townend (ed.), Wulfstan, 93-140.
Higham, Nicholas J., Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). 2013. The Anglo-Saxon World. New Heaven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hill, Joyce. 1993. “Reform and Resistance: Preaching Styles in Late Anglo-Saxon England”. In: Jacqueline Hamesse, Xavier Hermad (eds.), De l’Homélie au Sermon: Histoire de la Prédication Médiévale. Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, 15-46 (Publication de l’Institut d’Études Médiévales - Textes, Études, Congrès, 14).
Howard, Ian. 2003. Swein Forkbeard’s Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991-1017. Woodbridge: Boydell.
Howe, Nicholas 1985. The Old English Catalogue Poems. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger.
Innes, Matthew. 2000. “Danelaw Identities: Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Political Allegiance”. In: Dawn M. Hadley, Julian D. Richards (eds.), Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Turnhout: Brepols, 65-88.
Jayakumar, Shashi. 2009. “Reform and Retribution: the ‘Anti-Monastic Reaction’ in the Reign of Edward the Martyr.” In: Stephen Baxter et al. (eds.), Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald. Burlington: Ashgate, 337-352.
Jesch, Judith. 2015. The Viking Diaspora. London and New York: Routledge.
Jost, Karl. 1950. Wulfstanstudien. Bern: Francke (Schweizer Anglistische Arbeiten: Swiss Studies in English, 23).
Jurovics, Raachel. 1978. “Sermo Lupi and the Moral Purpose of Rhetoric”. In: Paul E. Szarmach, Bernard F. Huppé (eds.), The Old English Homily and its Background. New York: University of New York Press, 203-220.
Keynes, Simon. 1980. The Diplomas of King Æthelred ‘the Unready’, 978–1016. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keynes, Simon. 2007. “An Abbot, an Archbishop, and the Viking Raids of 1006-7 and 1009-12”. Anglo-Saxon England 36, 151-220.
Knappe, Gabriele. 1996. Traditionen der klassischen Rhetorik im angelsächsischen England. Heidelberg: C. Winter.
Knappe, Gabriele. 1998. “Classical Rhetoric in Anglo-Saxon England”. Anglo-Saxon England 27, 5-29.
Laemmle, Rebecca et al. (eds.) 2021. Lists and Catalogues in Ancient Literature and Beoyond. Towards a Poetics of Enumeration. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter (Trends in Classics – Supplementary Volumes, 107).
Lambert, Thomas B. 2009. Protection, Feud, and Royal Power. Violence and Its Regulation in English Law, c. 850-c. 1250. Unpublished PhD Diss. Durham University.
Lambert, Thomas B. 2017. “Hospitality, Protection and Refuge in Early English Law”. Journal of Refugee Studies 30/2, 243-260.
Landes, Richard et al. (eds.). 2003. The Apocalyptic Year 1000: Religious Expectation and Social Change, 950-1050. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lavelle, Ryan. 2002. Æthelred II: King of the English, 978-1016. Stroud: Tempus.
Lawson, Michael K. 1992. “Archbishop Wulfstan and the Homiletic Element in the Laws of Æthelred II and Cnut”. The English Historical Review 107/424, 565-586.
Lawson, Michael K. [1993] 2011. Cnut. England’s Viking King 1016-35. Stroud: History.
Lionarons, Joyce T. 2010. The Homiletic Writings of Archbishop Wulfstan: A Critical Study. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer.
Mainberger, Sabine. 2003. Die Kunst des Aufzählens. Elemente zu einer Poetik des Enumerativen. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
Marafioti, Nicole. 2019. “Secular and Ecclesiastical Justice in Late Anglo-Saxon England”. Speculum 94/3, 774-805.
McGinn, Bernard. 1995. “The End of the World and the Beginning of Christianity”. In: Malcolm Bull (ed.). Apocalypse Theory and the Ends of the World. Oxford: Blackwell, 58-89.
Meaney, Audrey L. 2004 “And we forbeodađ eornostlice ælcne hæđenscipe: Wulfstan and Late Anglo-Saxon and Norse ‘Heathenism’”. In: Matthew Townend (ed.). Wulfstan, 461-500.
Minchin, Elizabeth. 2001. Homer and the Resources of Memory: Some Applications of Cognitive Theory to the Iliad and the Odyssey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mitchell, Stephen. 2012. “Heroic Legend and Onomastics: Hálfs saga, the Hildebrandslied and the Listerby Stones”. In: David Elmer et al. (eds.). A Virtual Birthday Gift Presented to Gregory Nagy. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, 1-23.
Morey, James H. 2012. “Paul in Old and Middle English”. In: Steven Cartwright (ed.), A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 449-468.
O’Brien, Bruce R. 1996. “From morðor to murdrum. The Preconquest Origin and Norman Revival of the Murder Fine”. Speculum 71/2, 321-357.
O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine. 1990. Visible Song: Transitional Literacy in Old English Verse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Orchard, Andy. 1992. “Crying Wolf: Oral Style and the Sermones Lupi”. Anglo-Saxon England 21, 239-264.
Orchard, Andy. 1997. “Oral Tradition”. In: Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe (ed.), Reading Old English Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 101-123.
Orchard, Andy. 2003. “Looking for an Echo: The Oral Tradition in Anglo-Saxon Literature”. Oral Tradition 18/2, 225-227.
Orchard, Andy. 2007. “Wulfstan as Reader, Writer and Rewriter”. In Aaron J. Kleist (ed.), The Old English Homily. Precedent, Practice, and Appropriation. Turnhout: Brepols, 311-341.
Orchard, Andy. 2009. “The World Made Flesh. Christianity and Oral Culture in Anglo-Saxon Verse”. Oral Tradition 24/2, 293-318.
Palmer, James T. 2014. The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pons-Sanz, Sara M. 2007. Norse-Derived Vocabulary in Late Old English Texts. Wulfstan’s Works, a Case Study. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
Pons-Sanz, Sara M. 2011. “The Etymology of the Word-field of Old English hōre and the Lexico-cultural Climate of Eleventh-century England”. Nottingham Medieval Studies 55, 23-48.
Rabin, Andrew. 2013. “Holy Bodies, Legal Matters: Reaction and Reform in Ælfric’s Eugenia and the Ely Privilege”. Studies in Philology 110/2, 220-265.
Rabin, Andrew. 2016. “Wulfstan at London: Episcopal Politics in the Reign of Æthelred”. English Studies 97/2, 186-206.
Rabin, Andrew. 2020b. Crime and Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rabin, Andrew. 2023. “Scholars Come for the Archbishop: The Afterlife of Archbishop Wulfstan of York, 1023-2023”. Anglo-Saxon England 49, 1-48.
Roach, Levi. 2014. “Apocalypse and Atonement in the Politics of Æthelredian England”. English Studies 95/7, 733-757.
Roach, Levi. 2016. Æthelred the Unready. New Heaven, CT: Yale University Press.
Robinson, Fred C. 1980. “Old English Literature in its Most Immediate Context.” In: John D. Niles (ed.), Old English Literature in Context. Ten Essays. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 11-29.
Rowland, C. 1982. The Open Heaven. A Study of Apocalyptic in Judaism and Early Christianity. London: SPCK.
Rudolf, Winfried. 2018. “Anglo-Saxon Preaching on Children”. In: Susan Irvine, Winfried Rudolf, Childhood and Adolescence in Anglo-Saxon Literary Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 48-70.
Runciman, Walter G. 1984. “Accelerating Social Mobility: The Case of Anglo-Saxon England”. Past & Present 104, 3-30.
Saltzman, Benjamin A. 2019. Bonds of Secrecy. Law, Spirituality and the Literature of Concealment in Early Medieval England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Scolnic, Benjamin E. 1995. Theme and Context in Biblical Lists. Atlanta: Scholars.
Scragg, Donald G. 1977. “Napier’s ‘Wulfstan’ Homily XXX: Its Sources, its Relationship to the Vercelli Book and its Style”. Anglo-Saxon England 6, 197-211.
Simek, Rudolf. 1993. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Trans. by A. Hall. Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer.
Spufford, Francis. 1989. The Chatto Book of Cabbages and Kings. Lists in Literature, London: Chatto and Windus.
Stafford, Pauline. 1971. “The Laws of Cnut and the History of Anglo-Saxon Royal Promises”. Anglo-Saxon England 10, 173-190.
Steen, Janie. 2008. Verse and Virtuosity: The Adaptation of Latin Rhetoric in Old English Poetry. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Stenton, Frank M. [1971] 2004. Anglo-Saxon England, Third Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Szittya, Penn. 1992. “Domesday Bokes: The Apocalypse in Medieval English Literary Culture”. In: Richard K. Emmerson, Bernand McGinn, The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, 374-397.
Teresi, Loredana. 2000. “Mnemonic Transmission of Old English Texts in the Post-Conquest Period”. In: Mary Swan, Elaine Treharne, Rewriting Old English in the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 98-116.
Townend, Matthew (ed). 2004. Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the Second Alcuin Conference. Turnhout: Brepols.
Treharne, Elaine. 2012. Living Through Conquest: The Politics of Early English, 1020-1220. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trilling, Renée R. 2007. “Sovereignty and Social Order: Archbishop Wulfstan and the Institutes of Polity”. In: John S. Ott, Anna Trumbore Jones, The Bishop Reformed: Studies of Episcopal Power and Culture in the Central Middle Ages. Aldershot: Ashgate, 58-85.
Tristram, Hildegard L. C. 1995. Early Insular Preaching: Verbal Artistry and Method of Composition. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Upchurch, Robert K. 2009. “Catechetic Homiletics: Ælfric’s Preaching and Teaching During Lent”. In: Hugh Magennis, Mary Swan (eds.), A Companion to Ælfric. Leiden: Brill, 217-246.
Whitelock, Dorothy. 1942. “Archbishop Wulfstan, Homilist and Statesman”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 24, 24-46.
Wilcox, Jonathan. 1991. “Napier’s ‘Wulfstan’ Homilies XL and XLII: Two Anonymous Works from Winchester?”. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 90/1, 1-19.
Whitelock, Dorothy. 1992. “The Dissemination of Wulfstan’s Homilies: The Wulfstan Tradition in Eleventh-Century Vernacular Preaching”. In: Carola Hicks (ed.). England in the Eleventh Century: Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton Symposium. Stamford: Paul Watkins Publishing, 199-217.
Whitelock, Dorothy. 2000. “The St. Brice’s Day Massacre and Archbishop Wulfstan”. In: Diane Wolfthal (ed.). Peace and Negotiation: Strategies for Coexistence in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Turnhout: Brepols, 79-91.
Whitelock, Dorothy. 2004. “Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi ad Anglos as Political Performance: 16 February 1014 and Beyond”. In: Matthew Townend (ed.). Wulfstan, 375-396.
Williams, Ann. 2003. Æthelred the Unready. The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon and London.
Wormald, Patrick [1999] 2001. The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
Wormald, Patrick. 2004. “Archbishop Wulfstan: Eleventh-Century State-Builder”. In: Matthew Townend (ed.). Wulfstan, 9-27.
Wormald, Patrick. [1999] 2021. “Archbishop Wulfstan and the Holiness of Society”. In: David A. E. Pelteret (ed.). Anglo-Saxon History. Basic
Readings. London: Routledge, 191-224.
Wright, Charles D. 1989. “The Irish Enumerative Style in Old English Homiletic Literature, Especially Vercelli Homily IX”. Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 18, 27–74.
Wright, Charles D. 1993. The Irish Tradition in Old English Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zumthor, Paul 1972. Essai de Poétique Médiévale, Paris: Seuil.
##submission.downloads##
Pubblicato
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0.
CC-BY-SA
