Biathlon: Where Speed and Precision Meet
Keywords:
cross-country skiing, rifle, skis, control, balnace, stability, performance, skatingAbstract
Il biathlon rappresenta un modello sportivo complesso, in cui si intrecciano lo sforzo fisico ad alta intensità dello sci di fondo con la precisione richiesta nel tiro a segno. Questa rassegna della letteratura scientifica recente analizza l’interazione tra queste due componenti apparentemente contrastanti, mettendo in luce i meccanismi fisiologici, biomeccanici, cognitivi e psicologici che ne influenzano la performance. L’analisi evidenzia una dicotomia centrale: da un lato, lo sci con tecnica skating impone elevati carichi aerobici e anaerobici, dall’altro, il tiro richiede controllo neuromotorio fine, stabilità posturale e regolazione dell’arousal, spesso in condizioni di affaticamento estremo. La componente tattica del biathlon si è evoluta con l’introduzione di nuove formule di gara, accentuando la rilevanza del pacing, della gestione energetica e delle decisioni rapide sotto pressione. Tra i modelli teorici emergenti, il modello biopsicosociale offre una cornice interpretativa integrata, considerando l’interazione dinamica tra corpo, mente e ambiente di gara. Esso spiega come lo stress fisiologico possa influenzare negativamente la precisione del tiro, creando un circolo vizioso tra fatica, instabilità e decremento prestativo. Le implicazioni pratiche suggeriscono un approccio all’allenamento multidimensionale, che includa componenti condizionali, tecniche e psicologiche, con l’utilizzo di strategie come il biofeedback, il training attentivo e la simulazione di gara. Ulteriori ricerche sono necessarie per approfondire l’integrazione tra prestazione motoria e regolazione cognitiva nel contesto competitivo del biathlon
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